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- <text>
- <title>
- (Before TIME) Before TIME Editor's Note
- </title>
- <history>TIME Almanac-1900s Highlights</history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- Before TIME Editor's Note
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> "Progress" was the watchword of the first two decades of the 20th
- Century. World-wide attempts to deal with rapid industrial
- growth brought changes in technology, ideas, and political and social
- institutions that were to shape the century. In the years that
- followed the first issue of TIME (March 3, 1923), the magazine
- looked back on many events of the first two decades of the
- century. These retrospective articles are included in this
- section: Before TIME.
- </p>
- <p> Advances in communication; the telegraph, radio, motion pictures;
- sped knowledge of events throughout cities and rural areas.
- Airplanes and automobiles widened the geographic boundaries of
- people's lives. In December 1903, Orville and Wilbur Wright
- successfully flew the first powered heavier-than-air vehicle. In
- 1908 Henry Ford introduced his Model-T, a mass-produced
- automobile available at the affordable price of $850. In 1920,
- KDKA broadcast the first radio reporting of presidential election
- results.
- </p>
- <p> The Progressives who held political control in the US throughout
- the period worked to increase democratic participation in the
- government and other institutions. Through their social reform
- movements, they attempted to improve people's lives by
- advocating prohibition of alcoholic beverages, the regulation of
- working conditions. and the improvement of living conditions. The
- booming cities were populated by immigrants who saw America as
- the land of opportunity. Immigration to the US reached its peak
- in 1907 with 12,000 arrivals a day, but would continue to be an
- issue for Americans until the end of the century. Prohibition,
- legalized by the 18th Amendment in 1919, would challenge law
- enforcement officials into 1930s.
- </p>
- <p> Both Republican and Democratic parties pursued a Progressive
- agenda from 1900 through 1920. Republicans Theodore Roosevelt and
- William H. Taft pressed for democratic reforms in local, state
- and national government,restrictions on business monopolies, and
- advocated social and economic benefits for American citizens.
- Democrat Woodrow Wilson advocated reforms in banking, tariffs,
- trusts and labor and sought the development of democracy
- internationally.
- </p>
- <p> Government and business became more democratic. Big business was
- a negative and positive force for change; industry's treatment of
- workers created the pressure for labor reform; municipal
- governments modeled their management structures on business
- organizations. President Theodore Roosevelt led a campaign to
- "bust the trusts." On May 15, 1911, the Supreme Court dissolved
- the monopoly of the Standard Oil Company.
- </p>
- <p> The people became more directly involved with government. The
- passage of the 17th Amendment to the Constitution in 1913
- provided for the popular election of Senators. Women lobbied for
- and won a voice in government with the passage of the Nineteenth
- Amendment to the Constitution on August 8, 1920.
- </p>
- <p> The US became more involved with Latin America and East Asia;
- signing a treaty to build and operate the Panama Canal in 1903,
- mediating peace between Russia and Japan following the
- Russo-Japanese War in 1904, sending marines to Nicaragua in 1912,
- Haiti in 1915, and the Dominican Republic in 1916.
- </p>
- <p> If TIME had been published during these two decades, the WORLD
- section would have chronicled the nationalist-ethnic
- consciousness in Europe and the scramble for colonies.
- National rivalries ignited into war in 1914. The
- world's attention focused on Sarajevo on June 28 when the
- Austria-Hungarian Crown Prince Archduke Ferdinand and his wife
- Sophie were assassinated by Gavrilo Princip, a Serbian national.
- </p>
- <p> Mainly a European fight in the beginning, in 1917 the US sent
- troops. It was the war to "make the world safe for democracy."
- The Treaty of Versailles in 1919 ended the war and redrew the map
- of Europe; countries like Bosnia-Herzogovina disappeared from the
- map; Poland, Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia appeared as separate
- national entities. The conditions of German surrender and
- reparations were severe. Woodrow Wilson proposed a League of
- Nations to insure that a world war would never again happen, but
- his own nation refused to join.
- </p>
- <p> Attempting to return to "Normalcy" after the war, the American
- people elected Warren G. Harding as President in 1920. Various
- groups, public and private, demonstrated a growing intolerance through Ku Klux Klan activities and the Red Scare, a
- government action that prompted the arrest of 2,700 suspected
- Communists and other radicals in 1920. Congress passed an
- Emergency Quota Act to stem the tide of immigration in 1921.
- </p>
- <p> On the international front, the post-war years witnessed
- Ghandi's leadership of the National Congress in India in 1920,
- Ireland's independence in 1921, the formation of the Union of
- Soviet Socialist Republics in 1922, and Mussolini's rise to power
- in Italy in 1922.
- </p>
- <p> The first issue of TIME, the Weekly Newsmagazine, published on
- March 3, 1923 reported on the continuing efforts to deal with the
- aftermath of the world war, the activities of women in American
- government, the efforts of the labor movement, the technological
- and scientific wonders of the day, and the people in the news.
- </p>
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-